Which Of The Following Encouraged President Arthur To Persue Civil Service Reform

Usa federal police force passed by the 47th U.s. Congress

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

Nicknames	Pendleton Act
Enacted by	the 47th United States Congress
Citations
Statutes at Large	ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate equally Due south. 133 past George H. Pendleton (D–OH) Passed the Senate on December 27, 1882 (39-5) Passed the House on Jan 4, 1883 (155-46) Signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on January sixteen, 1883

The Pendleton Ceremonious Service Reform Act is a United States federal law passed by the 47th Usa Congress and signed into constabulary by President Chester A. Arthur on January 16, 1883. The act mandates that most positions within the federal authorities should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political patronage.

By the late 1820s, American politics operated on the spoils system, a political patronage do in which officeholders awarded their allies with government jobs in return for fiscal and political support. Proponents of the spoils organization were successful at blocking meaningful ceremonious service reform until the bump-off of President James A. Garfield in 1881. The 47th Congress passed the Pendleton Ceremonious Service Reform Act during its lame duck session and President Chester A. Arthur, himself a former spoilsman, signed the bill into law.

The Pendleton Ceremonious Service Deed provided for the pick of some government employees past competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or bench these government officials for political reasons and created the United States Civil Service Commission to enforce the merit system. The act initially but applied to about x percent of federal employees, simply information technology now covers about federal employees. As a result of the courtroom case Luévano v. Campbell, most federal government employees are no longer hired past means of competitive examinations.

The namesake of the Pendleton Human action is George H. Pendleton, an Ohio Autonomous U.Due south. senator who defended slavery in the 1850s and led the anti-state of war "Copperheads" in the American Civil State of war opposing President Abraham Lincoln.^[1] The passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Human activity with the assist of "One-half-Breed" Republicans furthered the aims of white supremacist Democrats to curtail patronage, which had been used by "Stalwart" Republicans to socially and economically benefit blacks.^[two]

Background [edit]

Since the presidency of Andrew Jackson, presidents had increasingly made political appointments on the basis of political back up rather than on the footing of merit, in a practice known as the spoils system. In render for appointments, these appointees were charged with raising campaign funds and bolstering the popularity of the president and the party in their communities. The success of the spoils organization helped ensure the authorisation of both the Autonomous Political party in the flow before the American Civil War and the Republican Party in the menses after the Civil War. Patronage became a key issue in elections, as many partisans in both major parties were more concerned about control over political appointments than they were well-nigh policy issues.^[3]

During the Ceremonious War, Senator Charles Sumner introduced the first major ceremonious service reform bill, calling for the employ of competitive exams to make up one's mind political appointments. Sumner's beak failed to pass Congress, and in subsequent years several other civil service reform bills were defeated fifty-fifty as the public became increasingly concerned most public corruption.^[4] Afterward taking function in 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes established a special cabinet committee charged with cartoon up new rules for federal appointments.^[five] Hayes'south efforts for reform brought him into conflict with the Stalwart, or pro-spoils, branch of the Republican party, led past Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York.^[6] With Congress unwilling to take action on civil service reform, Hayes issued an executive order that forbade federal office holders from beingness required to make entrada contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics.^[7]

Co-ordinate to historian Eric Foner, the advancement of ceremonious service reform was recognized by blacks as an effort that would stifle their economic mobility and prevent "the whole colored population" from holding public office.^[viii]

Chester Arthur, Collector of the Port of New York, and his partisan subordinates Alonzo B. Cornell and George H. Sharpe, all Conkling supporters, obstinately refused to obey the president's order.^[7] In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men'south resignations, which they refused to give.^[9] Hayes was obliged to wait until July 1878 when, during a Congressional recess, he sacked Arthur and Cornell and replaced them with recess appointments.^[10] Despite opposition from Conkling, both of Hayes'southward nominees were confirmed by the Senate, giving Hayes his near significant civil service reform victory.^[11] For the remainder of his term, Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and restore the dormant United States Ceremonious Service Commission, even using his last annual bulletin to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform.^[12]

Provisions [edit]

The Pendleton Ceremonious Service Reform Act provided for selection of some authorities employees by competitive exams rather than ties to politicians, and fabricated it illegal to burn down or demote some government officials for political reasons.^[xiii] The human action initially applied simply to ten percent of federal jobs, but it immune the president to expand the number of federal employees covered by the act.^[14]

The law also created the United states of america Civil Service Commission to oversee civil service examinations and outlawed the use of "assessments," fees that political appointees were expected to pay to their respective political parties equally the toll for their appointments.^[15] These assessments had made upward a majority of political contributions in the era post-obit Reconstruction.^[sixteen]

Legislative history [edit]

In 1880, Autonomous Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio introduced legislation to require the pick of civil servants based on merit as determined past an examination, but the measure failed to pass.^[17] Pendleton'south bill was largely based on reforms proposed by the Jay Commission, which Hayes had assigned to investigate the Port of New York.^[xviii] It also expanded similar civil service reforms attempted by President Franklin Pierce 30 years earlier.

Hayes did not seek a 2d term as president, and was succeeded by fellow Republican James A. Garfield, who won the 1880 presidential election on a ticket with former Port Collector Chester A. Arthur. In 1881, President Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau, who believed that he had non received an date past Garfield because of his own amalgamation with the Stalwarts.^[xix] Garfield died on September nineteen, 1881, and was succeeded by Vice President Arthur.^[20] Many worried about how Arthur would human activity as president; the New York Times, which had supported Arthur earlier in his career, wrote "Arthur is about the last man who would be considered eligible for the position."^[21]

Garfield'south assassination by a deranged function seeker amplified the public need for reform.^[22] Civil service reformers established the National Civil Service Reform League and undertook a major public campaign for reform, arguing that the spoils system had played a major role in the bump-off of Garfield.^[23] In President Arthur's first annual address to Congress, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation, and Pendleton again introduced his bill, which again did not pass.^[17] Democrats, candidature on the reform issue, won control of the House of Representatives in the 1882 congressional elections.^[24]

The political party's disastrous performance in the 1882 elections helped convince many Republicans to support the civil service reform during the 1882 lame-duck session of Congress.^[18] The election results were seen as a public mandate for civil service reform, just many Republicans also wanted to pass a bill so that they could craft the legislation before losing control of Congress, allowing the party to take credit for the bill and to protect Republican officeholders from dismissal.^[25] The Senate approved Pendleton's bill, 38–v, and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47.^[26] Nearly all congressional opposition to the Pendleton bill came from Democrats, though a bulk of Democrats in each chamber of Congress voted for the bill.^[27] A mere seven U.S. representatives constituted the Republican opposition towards the Pendleton Act: James S. Robinson, Robert Smalls, William Robert Moore, John R. Thomas, George W. Steele, and Orlando Hubbs.^[28] Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883.^[26]

Aftermath [edit]

To the surprise of his critics, Arthur acted quickly to appoint the members of the newly created Civil Service Commission, naming reformers Dorman Bridgman Eaton, John Milton Gregory, and Leroy D. Thoman as commissioners.^[14] The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and 3-quarters of the Customs Service jobs were to be awarded by merit.^[29] During his offset term, President Grover Cleveland expanded the number of federal positions subject to the merit organization from sixteen,000 to 27,000. Partly due to Cleveland's efforts, between 1885 and 1897, the percentage of federal employees protected by the Pendleton Human action would rise from twelve percent to approximately forty percent.^[30] The act at present covers virtually 90% of federal employees.^[31]

Although land patronage systems and numerous federal positions were unaffected by the constabulary, Karabell argues that the Pendleton Act was instrumental in the cosmos of a professional civil service and the rise of the modern bureaucratic state.^[32] The law also caused major changes in entrada finance, as the parties were forced to look for new sources of entrada funds, such every bit wealthy donors.^[33]

In January 1981, the Carter administration settled the courtroom case Luévano v. Campbell, which alleged the Professional and Administrative Careers Examination (Footstep) was racially discriminatory as a event of the lower boilerplate scores and pass rates achieved by Black and Hispanic test takers. As a upshot of this settlement understanding, PACE, the main entry-level exam for candidates seeking positions in the federal authorities'due south executive branch, was scrapped.^[34] It has non been replaced past a similar general exam, although attempts at replacement exams accept been made. The arrangement which replaced the general Footstep examination has been criticized as instituting a organisation of racial quotas, although changes to the settlement agreement under the Reagan assistants removed explicit quotas, and these changes have "raised serious questions about the power of the government to recruit a quality workforce while reducing adverse affect", according to Professor Carolyn Ban.^{[35] [36]}

In October 2020 President Donald Trump past Executive Gild 13957 created a Schedule F classification in the excepted service of the United States federal civil service for policy-making positions, which was criticized by Professor Donald Kettl as violating the spirit of the Pendleton Deed.^[37] Shortly after taking office in January 2021, President Joe Biden rescinded Executive Gild 13957.^[38]

See besides [edit]

• Luévano v. Campbell
• Schedule F appointment

References [edit]

1. ^ Searles, Harry; Mangus, Mike (April nine, 2012). George Hunt Pendleton (July 19, 1825 – November 24, 1889). Ohio Ceremonious War Key. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
2. ^ Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). "Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service". Vocalism . Retrieved January 27, 2022.
3. ^ Theriault, pp. 54–55.
4. ^ Theriault, pp. 54–55, 60.
5. ^ Paul, p. 71.
6. ^ Davison, p. 164–165.
7. ^ ^{a b} Hoogenboom, pp. 322–325; Davison, pp. 164–165; Trefousse, pp. 95–96.
8. ^ Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877, p. 507. New York: Harper & Row.
9. ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 353–355; Trefousse, pp. 100–101.
10. ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 370–371.
11. ^ Hoogenboom, pp. 382–384; Barnard, p. 456.
12. ^ Paul, pp. 73–74.
13. ^ "Digital History". www.digitalhistory.uh.edu.
14. ^ ^{a b} Reeves 1975, pp. 325–327; Doenecke, pp. 102–104.
15. ^ Karabell, pp. 104–107.
16. ^ Theriault, p. 52.
17. ^ ^{a b} Reeves 1975, pp. 320–324; Doenecke, pp. 96–97; Theriault, pp. 52–53, 56.
18. ^ ^{a b} Karabell, pp. 106–107.
19. ^ Ackerman 2003, pp. 305–308.
20. ^ Reeves 1975, pp. 244–248; Karabell, pp. 61–63.
21. ^ Karabell, pp. 62–63.
22. ^ Reeves 1975, pp. 320–324; Doenecke, pp. 96–97.
23. ^ Theriault, p. 56.
24. ^ Doenecke, pp. 99–100; Karabell.
25. ^ Theriault, pp. 57–59.
26. ^ ^{a b} Reeves 1975, p. 324; Doenecke, pp. 101–102.
27. ^ Theriault, pp. 59–lx.
28. ^ TO PASS South. 133, A BILL REGULATING AND IMPROVING THE U. South. CIVIL SERVICE. (J.P. 163). GovTrack.us. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
29. ^ Howe, pp. 209–210.
30. ^ Welch, 59–61
31. ^ Glass, Andrew (Jan xvi, 2018). "Pendleton Act inaugurates U.South. civil service system, January. 16, 1883". Political leader.
32. ^ Karabell, pp. 108–111.
33. ^ White 2017, pp. 467–468.
34. ^ US set to supersede a civil service test
35. ^ https://www.commentary.org/articles/commentary-bk/let-me-call-you-quota-sweetheart/
36. ^ Ban, Carolyn; Ingraham, Patricia W. (1988). "Retaining Quality Federal Employees: Life after PACE". Public Administration Review. 48 (3): 708–718. doi:10.2307/976250. JSTOR 976250.
37. ^ 'Stunning' Executive Lodge Would Politicize Ceremonious Service
38. ^ "Executive Gild on Protecting the Federal Workforce". 22 January 2021.

Works cited [edit]

• Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2003). Dark Horse: The Surprise Ballot and Political Murder of James A. Garfield. New York, New York: Avalon Publishing. ISBN978-0-7867-1396-seven.
• Barnard, Harry (2005) [1954]. Rutherford Hayes and his America. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. ISBN978-0-945707-05-9.
• Davison, Kenneth E. (1972). The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Printing. ISBN978-0-8371-6275-one.
• Doenecke, Justus D. (1981). The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur. Lawrence, Kansas: Academy Printing of Kansas. ISBN978-0-7006-0208-7.
• Harrison, Brigid C., et al. American Democracy Now. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.
• Hoogenboom, Ari (1995). Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN978-0-7006-0641-2.
• Howe, George F. (1966) [1935]. Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Automobile Politics. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. ASIN B00089DVIG.
• Karabell, Zachary (2004). Chester Alan Arthur. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN978-0-8050-6951-8.
• Paul, Ezra (Winter 1998). "Congressional Relations and Public Relations in the Assistants of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–81)". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 28 (i): 68–87. JSTOR 27551831.
• Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN978-0-394-46095-6.
• Trefousse, Hans L. (2002). Rutherford B. Hayes. New York: Times Books. ISBN978-0-8050-6907-v.
• Theriault, Sean M. (February 2003). "Patronage, the Pendleton Act, and the Power of the People". The Journal of Politics. 65 (ane): 50–68. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.t01-i-00003. JSTOR 3449855. S2CID 153890814.
• Welch, Richard E. Jr. The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (1988) ISBN 0-7006-0355-7
• White, Richard (2017). The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Aureate Historic period: 1865–1896. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190619060.

Further reading [edit]

• Foulke, William Dudley (1919). Fighting the Spoilsmen: Reminiscences of The Ceremonious Service Reform Movement. New York: Chiliad. P. Putnam'due south Sons.
• Hoogenboom, Ari (1961). Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865-1883. Academy of Illinois. ISBN0-313-22821-3.
• Van Riper, Paul P. (1958). History of the United States Civil Service . Row, Peterson and Co. ISBN0-8371-8755-nine.
• Women'due south Auxiliary to the Civil Service Reform Association (1907). Bibliography of Ceremonious Service Reform and Related Subjects (2nd ed.). New York.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act

Posted by: harrisonfamannot61.blogspot.com

Share this post